Elements of Petroleum Geology

1.   ISNB D-12-636370-6

   Introduction

1.1  Historical Review of Petroleum Exploration 1

1.2  The Context of Petroleum Geology 7L

2.      The Physical and Chemical Properties of Petroleum

2.1  Natural Gases 14

2.2  Gas Hydrates 14

2.3  Crude Oil 26

3.      Methods of Exploration

3.1  Well Driling and Completion 37

3.2  Formation Evaluation 38

3.3  Geophysical Methods of Exploration 89

3.4  Berehole Geophysics and 4D Seismic 120

3.5  Subsurface Geology 125

3.6  Remote Sensing 131

4.      The Subsurface Environment

4.1  Subsurface Waters 147

4.2  Subsurface Temperatures 152

4.3  Subsurface Pressures 160

4.4  Subsurface Fluid Dynamics 172

5.      Generation and Migration of Petroleum

5.1  Origin oh Petroleum: Organic or Inorganic 183

5.2  Modern Organic Processes on the Earth’s Surface 190

5.3  Formation of Kerogen 199

5.4  Petroleum Migration 214

5.5  The Petroleum System

6.       The Reservoir

6.1   Porosity 239

6.2   Permeability 250

6.3   Capillary Pressure 253

6.4   Relationship between Porosity, Permeability, and Texture 256

6.5   Effects of Diagenesis on Reservoir Quality 262

6.6   Reservoir Continuity 281

6.7   Reservoir Characterization 287

6.8   Reserve Calculations 291

6.9   Production Methods 294

7.       Traps and Seals

7.1   Introduction  307

7.2   Nomenclature of a Trap

7.3   Distribution of Petroleum within a trap 309

7.4   Seal and Cap Rocks 312

7.5   Classification of Traps 313

7.6   Structural Traps 314

7.7   Diapiric Traps 329

7.8   Stratigraphic Traps 329

7.9   Hydrodynamic Traps 350

7.10           Combination Traps 352

7.11           Traps: Conclusion 355

8.       Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum  Systems

8.1   Basic Concepts and Terms 363

8.2   Mechanisms of  Basin Formation 365

8.3   Classification of Sedimentary Basins 370

8.4   Cratonic Basins 371

8.5   Troughs 383

8.6   The Rift-Drift Suite of Basins 391

8.7   Strike-Slip Basins 400

8.8   Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum Systems 401

9.       Nonconventional Petroleum Resources

9.1   Introductio 413

9.2   Plastic and Solid Hydrocarbons 413

9.3   Tar Sands 419

9.4   Oil Shale Gas and Coal-Bed Methane 434

10.   Conclusions

10.1           Prospects and Probabilities 443

10.2           Reserves Resources 446